البحث في التربية _ Research in Education

[Mr Hamdy Ahmad 36]

 

 

 

البحث في التربية

Research in Education

 

 

Best, John W. & Kahn, James V.

.

Research in Education

.7

^th

ed

 

 

 

Research in Education

 

Description

 

This text provides comprehensive coverage of

research methods

and

statistics

in a readable and student-friendly format.

 

A wide variety of methodologies-including descriptive,

experimental

and

quasi-experimental research

,

historical studies

,

qualitative methods

, and single subject designs-are covered. A complete range of research tools as well as descriptive and inferential statistics are also included, making this text the definitive resource for introductory research courses.

 

Research in Education

is divided into three parts: Part I, “

Introduction to Educational Research

,” focuses on the

purpose of research, hypotheses

,

ethics in research

,

developing a research problem

, and

writing proposals and reports

; Part II, “

Research Methods

,” is unique in that it integrates chapters on

qualitative research methods

, historical research, and single-subject methods with the more typical chapters on experimental methods; and Part III, “

Data Analysis

,” includes both descriptive and inferential statistics, as well as examples of analyses using a computer.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Features

 

 

 

·

Chapters on

research methodology

(Chs. 4-8) use real research studies as examples of the most important designs.

 

·

Numerous examples and questions at the end of each chapter assist students in understanding how concepts are related to practice.

 

·

Chapters on

qualitative research

cover a variety of types: ethnography, case study, phenomenological, etc.

 

·

Published research articles follow each of the five methodology chapters (Chs. 4-8).

 

·

Chapter on computer

data analysis

(Ch. 12) demonstrates how SPSS is used to calculate the statistics explained in Chapters 10 and 11. All three data analysis chapters use numerous examples to demonstrate statistics.

 

·

Appendix B contains a data set that students can use in the chapters on

data analysis

(Chs.10-12).

 

·

An emphasis on validity (Ch. 9) as a unitary trait that is consistent with professional (AERA) standards. This newer perspective views validity in a way that many books have not yet incorporated.

 

·

Data analysis

chapters (Chs. 10 & 11) include coverage of outliers and missing data.

 

·

Unique discussion on how to combine qualitative and quantitative methods in a single study (Ch. 8) shows students how these methods interrelate.

·

 

 

 

 

 

 

New to this Edition

 

 

 

·

Research Navigator

journal article database and writing guide is available to all adopters and integrated with the text for ease of use through margin annotations and end-of-chapter exercises.

 

·

Complete instructions on how to write a review of the literature are included and the section on Library Research has been updated to demonstrate technological advancements.

 

·

Thorough update and expansion of Chapter 8, "

Qualitative Research

,"

provides a more balanced perspective to the text.

 

·

An expanded section on meta-analysis in Chapter 5 strengthens this current

methodology

for students.

 

·

Additional and more current research examples are used in the methods chapters (Chs. 4-8).

 

·

A web page with Transparency Masters will be available to instructors electronically by contacting your local sales representative.

·

 

 

 

 

Table of Contents

 

 

 

Each chapter concludes with "Summary," "Exercises" and "References."

 

Preface

 

I.

INTRODUCTION TO EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

:

DEFINITIONS, RESEARCH PROBLEMS

,

PROPOSALS

, AND

REPORT WRITING

.

 

1.

The Meaning of Research

.

 

Why Should I Study Research

?

 

The Search for Knowledge

 

Science

 

The Role of Theory

 

Operational Definitions of Variables

 

The Hypothesis

 

The Research Hypothesis

 

The Null Hypothesis

(Ho)

 

Populations

Sampling

 

Randomness

 

The Simple Random Sample

 

Random Numbers

 

The Systematic Sample

 

The Stratified Random Sample

 

The Area or Cluster Sample

 

Nonprobability Samples

 

Sample Size

 

Purposes of Research

 

Fundamental or Basic Research

 

Applied Research

 

Action Research

 

Assessment, Evaluation, and Descriptive Research

 

Types of Educational Research

 

2. Selecting a Problem and Preparing a Research Proposal.

 

The Academic Research Problem

 

Levels of Research Projects

 

Sources of Problems

 

Evaluating the Problem

 

Using the Library

 

Finding Related Literature

 

References and Bibliography

 

Fair Use of Copyrighted Materials

 

The Research Proposal

 

The First Research Project

 

Submitting a Research Proposal to a Funding Agency

 

Thesis Proposal

 

Ethics in Human Experimentation

 

History of Research Ethics

 

Regulations

 

From Regulations to Practice.

 

3. The Research Report.

 

Style Manuals

 

Format of the Research Report

 

Main Body of the Report

 

References and Appendices

 

The Thesis or Dissertation

 

Style of Writing

 

Reference Form

 

Pagination

 

Tables

 

Figures

 

The Line Graph

 

The Bar Graph or Chart

 

The Circle, Pie, or Sector Chart

 

Maps

 

Organization Charts

 

Evaluating a Research Report

 

II. RESEARCH METHODS.

 

4. Historical Research.

 

Purpose of Histroical Reseach on American Education

 

History and Science

 

Historical Generalization

 

The Historical Hypothesis

 

Hypotheses in Educational Historical Research

 

Difficulties Encountered in Historical Research

 

Sources of Data

 

Primary Sources of Data

 

Primary Sources of Educational Data

 

Secondary Sources of Data

 

Historical Criticism

 

External Criticism

 

Internal Criticism

 

Examples of Topics for Educational Historical Study

 

Writing the Historical Report

 

5. Descriptive Studies: Assessment, Evaluation, and Research.

 

Assessment Studies

 

The Survey

 

Social Surveys

 

Public Opinion Surveys

 

National Center for Education Statistics

 

International Assessment

 

Activity Analysis

 

Trend Studies

 

Evaluation Studies

 

School Surveys

 

Program Evaluation

 

Assessment and Evaluation in Problem Solving

 

Descriptive Research

 

Causal Comparative Research

 

Correlational Research

 

Follow-up Research

 

Other Descriptive Research

 

Replication and Secondary Analysis

 

The Post Hoc Fallacy

 

6. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research.

 

Early Experimentation

 

Experimental and Control Groups

 

Variables

 

Independent and Dependent Variables

 

Confounding Variables

 

Controlling Extraneous Variables

 

Experimental Validity

 

Threats to Internal Experimental Validity

 

Threats to External Experimental Validity

 

Experimental Design

 

Pre-experimental Designs

 

True Experimental Designs

 

Quasi-Experimental Designs

 

Factorial Designs

 

7. Single-Subject Experimental Research.

 

General Procedures

 

Repeated Measurement

 

Baselines

 

Manipulating Variables

 

Length of Phases

 

Transfer of Training and Response Maintenance

 

Assessment

 

Target Behavior

 

Data Collection Strategies

 

Basic Designs

 

A-B-A-B Designs

 

Multiple Baseline Designs

 

Other Designs

 

Evaluating Data

 

8. Qualitative Research.

 

A Qualitative Research Model.

 

Themes of Qualitative Research

 

Research Questions

 

Theoretical Traditions

 

Research Strategies

 

Document or Content Analysis

 

The Case Study

 

Ethnographic Studies

 

Data Collection Techniques

 

Observations

 

Interviews

 

Review of Documents

 

Other Qualitative Data Collection Techniques

 

Data Analysis and Interpretation

 

Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Research

 

9. Methods and Tools of Research.

 

Reliability and Validity of Research Tools

 

Quantitative Studies

Qualitative Studies

 

Psychological and Educational Tests and Inventories

 

Qualities of a Good Test and Inventory

 

Validity

 

Reliability

 

Economy

 

Interest

 

Types of Tests and Inventories

 

Achievement Tests

 

Aptitude Tests

 

Interest Inventories

 

Personality Inventories

 

Projective Devices

 

Observation

 

Validity and Reliability of Observation

 

Recording Observations

 

Systematizing Data Collection

 

Characteristics of Good Observation

 

Inquiry Forms: The Questionnaire

 

Closed Form

 

The Open Form

 

Improving Questionnaire Items

 

Characteristics of a Good Questionnaire

 

Preparing and Administering the Questionnaire

 

A Sample Questionnaire

 

Validity and Reliability of Questionnaires

 

Inquiry Forms: The Opinionnaire

 

Thurstone Technique

 

Likert Method

 

Semantic Differential

 

The Interview

 

Validity and Reliability of the Interview

 

Q Methodology

 

Social Scaling

 

Sociometry

 

Scoring Sociometric Choices

 

The Sociogram

 

"Guess-who" Technique

 

Social-distance Scale

 

Organization of Data Collection

 

Outside Criteria for Comparison

 

Limitations and Sources of Error

 

III. DATA ANALYSIS.

 

10. Descriptive Data Analysis.

 

What Is Statistics?

 

Parametric and Nonparametric Data

 

Descriptive and Inferential Analysis

 

The Organization of Data

 

Grouped Data Distributions

 

Statistical Measures

 

Measures of Central Tendency

 

Measures of Spread or Dispersion

 

Normal Distribution

 

Nonnormal Distributions

 

Interpreting the Normal Probability Distribution

 

Practical Applications of the Normal Curve

 

Measures of Relative Position: Standard Scores

 

The Z Score (

Z)

 

The T Score (T)

 

The College Board Score (ZCb).

 

Stanines

 

Percentile Rank.

 

Measures of Relationship

 

Pearson's Product-Moment Coefficient of Correlation ®

 

Rank Order Correlation ®

 

Phi Correlation Coefficient (f)

 

Interpretation of a Correlation Coefficient

 

Outliers

 

Misinterpretation of the Coefficient of Correlation

 

Prediction

 

Standard Error of Estimate

 

A Note of Caution

 

11. Inferential Data Analysis.

 

Statistical Inference

 

The Central Limit Theorem

 

Parametric Tests

 

Testing Statistical Significance

 

The Significance of the Difference between the Means of Two Independent Groups

 

The Null Hypothesis (Ho)

 

The Level of Significance

 

Decision Making

 

Two-Tailed and One-Tailed Tests of Significance

 

Degrees of Freedom

 

A One-Sample

Z

Test

 

Student's Distribution (t)

 

Significance of the Difference between Two Small Sample Independent Means

 

Homogeneity of Variances

 

Significance of the Difference between the Means of Two Matched or correlated Groups (Nonindependent Samples)

 

Statistical Significance of a Coefficient of correlation

 

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

 

Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and Partial Correlation

 

Multiple Regression and Correlation

 

Nonparametric Tests

 

The Chi Square Test (c2)

 

The Mann-Whitney Test

 

Outliers and Missing Data

 

12. Computer Data Analysis.

 

The Computer

 

Data Organization

 

Computer Analysis of Data

 

Descriptive Statistics

 

Graphs

 

Multiple Regression

 

ANOVA

 

Results from Analyses of Appendix B Data

 

Statistics on the World Wide Web

 

Qualitative Analyses Using Computer Software

 

Appendix A: Statistical Formulas and Symbols.

 

Appendix B: Sample Data.

 

Appendix C: Percentage of Area Lying Between the Mean and Successive Standard Deviation Units Under the Normal Curve.

 

Appendix D: Critical Values for Pearson's Product-Moment Correlation ®.

 

Appendix E: Critical Values of Student's Distribution (t).

 

Appendix F: Abridged Table of Critical Values for Chi Square.

 

Appendix G: Critical Values of the F Distribution.

 

Appendix H: Research Report Evaluation.

 

Appendix I: Answers to Statistics Exercises.

 

 

l

 

 

 

 

Back Cover

 

 

This text provides comprehensive coverage of research methods and statistics in a readable and student-friendly format. A wide variety of methodologies including descriptive, experimental and quasi-experimental research, historical studies, qualitative methods, and single subject designs are covered. A complete range of research tools as well as descriptive and inferential statistics are also included, making this text the definitive resource for introductory research courses.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

وإلى اللقاء مع الموضوع التالي

 

 

 

 

 

Best, John W, & Kahn, James V. (1986). Research in Education (5

^th

ed.) New Jersey: Prentice – Hall, Englewood Cliffs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

تابع محتويات المكتبة

 

 

من هنــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــا

 

تم تعديل March 10, 2011 بواسطه Mr Hamdy Ahmad